• Japan’s 2-year bond yield reached 1% for the first time since 2008, with BOJ Governor Ueda signaling a possible rate hike at the December 18-19 policy meeting.
• Rising yields and yen strength threaten to unwind the decades-old yen carry trade, sparking global deleveraging in equity and crypto markets.
• Market forecasts expect Japan’s policy rate could reach 1.4% through three 25 basis point hikes as inflation and fiscal expansion drive tightening.

Japan’s 2-year government bond yield surged to 1% on December 1, its highest since 2008. Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda signaled a possible interest rate hike at the December 18-19 monetary policy meeting, sending ripples through global financial markets.

This development could mark the end of three decades of ultra-low interest rates that fueled the yen carry trade. As borrowing costs rise and the yen strengthens, global markets now brace for significant deleveraging across asset classes.

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Bond Yields Climb as Rate Hike Expectations Grow

Japan’s bond market moved sharply following Ueda’s recent statements. The 2-year note yield rose by one basis point to 1%. Longer-dated bonds also saw gains: five-year yields rose about four basis points to 1.35%, and 10-year yields climbed to 1.845%, according to Bloomberg data.

During trading, 10-year government bond yields reached 1.850%, their highest level since June 2008. This 17-year high highlights market belief that the BOJ will tighten policy soon. The shift in yields underscores the rapid change in investor sentiment on the central bank’s next move.

Markets responded quickly. The yen gained as much as 0.4% against the dollar, trading at 155.49 on December 1. This reversal from November’s levels reflects growing expectations of higher Japanese interest rates, which are making yen assets newly attractive.

At a business meeting in Nagoya, Ueda stated that reduced uncertainty around the US economy and tariffs bolstered confidence in Japan’s economic and price outlook. He reaffirmed that timely rate changes are key for financial stability and meeting the 2% inflation target.

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Inflation and Fiscal Policy Drive Shift Toward Tightening

The government’s expansionary fiscal policy has added to inflation pressures, building a case for monetary tightening. Yen depreciation has lifted import prices, fueling consumer inflation and raising questions about the sustainability of price stability. Governor Ueda highlighted the growing impact of a weaker yen on import costs and warned that expectations could affect core inflation.

Market forecasts now suggest the BOJ’s policy rate could reach 1.4% following three 25-basis-point hikes from the current 0.5% rate. Based on Overnight Indexed Swap rates and 1-year forward rates, expectations are clearly rising. Katsutoshi Inatome of Mitsui Sumitomo Trust said that a hike in December would push future rate estimates even higher.

The BOJ faces a careful balance. While lifting rates tackles inflation and supports the currency, it could disrupt financial flows that have relied on cheap Japanese funding. Ueda emphasized that any hike would be measured in an accommodative manner, not as a sharp break. He added that Japanese policy has revived a system where both wages and prices can rise moderately.

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Global Markets React as Yen Carry Trade Nears End

The possible unwinding of the yen carry trade marks a significant change for global finance. For 30 years, investors borrowed yen at low rates to seek higher returns elsewhere, supporting asset prices from US stocks to emerging market bonds. This provided leverage that fueled many market rallies.

As Japanese rates climb, the economics of the carry trade shift. Borrowers who locked in 1% funding with a stable yen now face repayment at 3% and a currency that has appreciated by 10%. This raises the effective borrowing cost to around 13%, making such trades far less attractive. The August 2024 flash crash previewed the turmoil that can occur when carry trade positions unwind quickly.

“For 30 years, the Yen Carry Trade subsidized global arrogance — zero rates… free leverage… fake growth… entire economies built on borrowed time and borrowed money. Now Japan has reversed the switch. Rates climbed. Yen strengthened. And the world’s favourite ATM just turned into a debt-collector.” – AlgoBoffin

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The Nikkei 225 fell 1.88% as deleveraging began, and analysts warn that this could start a cycle of forced asset sales. When cheap yen financing vanishes, markets must rely on fundamental strength instead of leverage. The ripples stretch beyond Japan, impacting financial hubs like Wall Street and Shanghai that benefited from yen-driven liquidity.

Cryptocurrency markets are especially vulnerable to tighter global liquidity. Bitcoin and other digital assets respond sharply to changes in funding. Typically, risk assets absorb the first wave of volatility when liquidity dries up, potentially causing swings in crypto valuations.

Some analysts argue that this transition exposes underlying market dynamics that have been masked by years of loose monetary policy. As liquidity tightens and rates normalize, asset prices may be judged more on intrinsic value than on cheap financing. This shift could benefit some commodities and hard assets, but challenge growth sectors that flourished with ultra-low rates.

The coming weeks are pivotal as the BOJ considers its December decision. Markets are set for tightening, but the exact pace is unknown. Whether Japan chooses gradual or sharper rate increases will shape how quickly and severely global deleveraging unfolds. The era of free Japanese money seems to be ending, ushering in a period of higher volatility and greater scrutiny of market fundamentals worldwide.

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